Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in Europe. Infection with hepatitis B or C is one of the main risk factors for liver cancer, as it leads to chronic hepatitis. Deaths from liver cancer due to hepatitis B and C infection are increasing. However, within the European Union and European Economic Area (EU27/EEA), there are differences in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and the prevention, testing, and treatment of these infections. Consequently, there are differences in liver cancer diagnosis and mortality rates.  

Differences in Vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent infection and thus help prevent liver cancer, yet there are geographical inequalities. Less than half of all EU countries have reached the 2025 elimination target.

Differences in Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hepatitis B and C is different across countries. Early diagnosis is important because treatment and monitoring can prevent the development of liver cancer. Modelled data indicate that in EU27/EEA countries, the proportion of undiagnosed hepatitis B or C cases ranges from 0% in some countries to 97% in others.  

Differences Across a Range of Group Types

Inequalities become apparent when populations are grouped by sex, age, and socioeconomic status.

Sex: There is a higher incidence of Hepatitis B and C infection and liver cancer among males.

Age: Inequalities by age occur because there is a time lag between the development of liver cancer after infection with hepatitis B or C. Therefore, chronic infection and liver cancer are the highest among the middle-aged and older population.

Socioeconomic status: The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection is highest among vulnerable groups (linked with socioeconomic status). These groups have a greater risk of being exposed to these infections and experiencing complications.

Closing the gap

These inequalities show that action is needed to scale up prevention and response, with a focus on vulnerable populations. Interventions should be adapted to the local context.

Further information

The factsheet contains detailed statistics and several links to helpful tools, policies, and reports.

Author:
Fiona Beck